New School Economic Review

It’s the Asian Century, according to Britain

by Benjamin on January 8, 2010

The British Secretary of State yesterday pre-launched a strategy for growth in Britain, and today his department will publish the full strategy. Odds are there will be a lot of interesting initiatives, both from an economic and election point of view. In his speech yesterday though he said something very catchy:

“We [Britain] did well in the American century. We can take little for granted in the Asian century.” (p. 15)

It seems the old superpower – the 19th century is often referred to as the ‘British Century’ – is getting ready for yet another change in global conditions towards Asia. Yes, I know it may be old-hat that there is an on-going shift towards Asia, and that the term has been around since the 1980s but even so, it is interesting to see a government taking a stand and developing its policies in such a light.

An Alternative to Discounting

by Benjamin on June 16, 2009

In a comment to the previous post, Brandt W noted that there are many humanistic factors which we can never fully appreciate or work into cost-benefit analysis. I would expect the standard reply by policy economists to be that cost-benefit is the best tool we have, and regardless of the factors we need a valuation which will allow us to guide policy. [Afavourite example is: If you could build a roadside barrier which would save 1 life per year on average (a tenuous method for approaching the costing side, which I will look at in a later post) and the barrier cost $1 would you do it? - ok... What if it costs one billion dollars? Would you still do it? If the answer is yes and no, then somewhere in the middle you must have placed a value on a 'life', and then the marginalist approach is to find that 'tipping point' and set the maximum cost of the project... and so we have cost-benefit]

Lets accept that argument for the moment, but then I think we need to consider the issue of discounting within the cost-benefit framework. Sticking with the barrier example, the modeler would then apply a discount rate to the value of life over time, and work out the ‘total’ benefit of the barrier. 

I am not convinced discounting is the way forward here. I see the rationale behind discounting an asset over time at some given interest rate or depreciation, but surely a ‘life’ is not worth less in the future than it is now? From our current perspective dying tomorrow is preferable to dying today, but the loss and externalities will be the same when the even occurs, they will not have depreciated like some outdated computer, whose loss you might mourn as you nostalgically recall the happy days of playing pacman. The new computer will let you play the latest games and (hopefully) run Vista, it is inherently more valuable than the old machine. A new child is certainly a treasury, but no more so than the one who was killed in the accident. Let’s not even try to calculate the externalities associated with the death.

That ranting aside, at The History of Recent Economics conference I attendend this weekend, one presentation reviewed an alternative idea which is to avoid discounting. This was in the context that Ramsey (of the growth model fame) himself had been staunchly against discounting in macroeconomics.

The example given was for inputs, renewables like trees. If we apply a discount factor to the value of trees over time, and use cost benefit to decide when to chop them down, we will, regardless of how small the discount factor, predict a point in the future when all the trees are worth zero and chop them down before that point in order to maximize x.

x = (1, … , 1), (0, … ,0)

x = (0, … ,0) , (1, … , 1), (0, … , 0)

But if we do not discount the stream of wood taken out of the forests, we can still maximize x, but our consumption would be very different. We would consume the amount required to maximize the average inputs harvested per year, (or technically, you maximize the output in the limit).

x = (1/5, …, 1/5, … ,1/5)

Over time you avoid the (0, … ,0) period when there are no trees, which under discounting is irrelevant as the value of those inputs today is zero. Trust me, when we run out of rainforest, I get the feeling we will be rather dissatisified with that discount factor.

Financial Integration, Growth and Macroeconomic Volatility: Evidence and Interpretations

by NSER Editorial Board on January 12, 2009

Has the increased access to capital increased investment? Is increased financial globalization associated with economic growth and macroeconomic stability? This paper reviews the theoretical benefits of financial integration, the “consensus” evidence of its failure to deliver the expected growth and stability, and some alternative interpretations on what is missing to obtain the benefits and avoid the risks.

Download the full paper

Marca, Massimiliano La. 2004.  “Financial Integration, Growth and Macroeconomic Volatility: Evidence and Interpretations” New School Economic Review 1(1): 31-41